Django 入门教程

安装django模块

pip install django==xxx

版本确认

python -m django --version

启动项目

python manage.py runserver [0:8000]|[8000]

创建项目

django-admin startproject mysite

创建应用

python manage.py startapp blog

创建视图

blog/views.py创建http响应调用html视图

from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")

# --------------------------分割新-------------------------- #

from django.shortcuts import render
# 调用 templates/blog/index.html html模板
def index(request):
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html')

blog/urls.py (首次需新建)

from django.urls import path

from . import views
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/urls/#django.urls.path
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
]

mysite/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('blog/', include('blog.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

配置数据库

mysite/settings.py

    # 默认使用sqlite模块
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
        }
    }

    # 修改为mysql模块, 需按照mysqlclient插件
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'OPTIONS': {
                'read_default_file': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'conf', 'db.conf'),
            },
        }
    }

conf/db.conf

[client]
database = db_django
user = root
password = toor
host = 127.0.0.1
port = 3306
default-character-set = utf8

配置Model

mysite/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'blog.apps.BlogConfig',
    # ...
]

待创建sql表schema

# TableSchema
# `id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键编号',
# `title` text NOT NULL COMMENT '标题',
# `alias` varchar(256) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '别名',
# `content` mediumtext NOT NULL COMMENT '正文',
# `tag` varchar(256) DEFAULT '' COMMENT '标签',
# `author` varchar(64) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '作者',
# `istop` tinyint DEFAULT '9' COMMENT '是否置顶 1置顶 9正常',
# `iscomment` tinyint DEFAULT '9' COMMENT '是否评论 1评论 9不评论',
# `sort` tinyint unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '255' COMMENT '文章排序 默认255',
# `status` tinyint NOT NULL DEFAULT '1' COMMENT '文章状态 1正常 3草稿 9删除',
# `created_at` int DEFAULT '0',
# `updated_at` int DEFAULT '0',
# `deleted_at` int DEFAULT '0',

blog/models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Blogs(models.Model):
    title = models.TextField('标题', null=False)
    alias = models.CharField('别名', max_length=256, default='')
    content = models.TextField('正文', null=False)
    tag = models.CharField('标签', max_length=256, default='')
    author = models.CharField('作者', max_length=64, default='')
    istop = models.SmallIntegerField('是否置顶 1置顶 9正常', default=9)
    iscomment = models.SmallIntegerField('是否评论 1评论 9不评论', default=9)
    sort = models.PositiveSmallIntegerField('文章排序 默认255', default=255)
    status = models.SmallIntegerField('文章状态 1正常 3草稿 9删除', default=1)
    created_at = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    updated_at = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    deleted_at = models.IntegerField(default=0)

***_initial.py

python manage.py makemigrations blog
# 执行结果
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='blog',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('title', models.TextField(verbose_name='标题')),
                ('alias', models.CharField(default='', max_length=256, verbose_name='别名')),
                ('content', models.TextField(verbose_name='正文')),
                ('author', models.CharField(default='', max_length=64, verbose_name='作者')),
                ('istop', models.SmallIntegerField(default=9, verbose_name='是否置顶 1置顶 9正常')),
                ('iscomment', models.SmallIntegerField(default=9, verbose_name='是否评论 1评论 9不评论')),
                ('sort', models.PositiveSmallIntegerField(default=255, verbose_name='文章排序 默认255')),
                ('status', models.SmallIntegerField(default=1, verbose_name='文章状态 1正常 3草稿 9删除')),
                ('tag', models.CharField(default='', max_length=256, verbose_name='标签')),
                ('created_at', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
                ('updated_at', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
                ('deleted_at', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
            ],
        ),

0001_initial.py

python manage.py sqlmigrate blog 0001
# 执行结果, 好像不符合预期, 注释、默认值都未生效, 先凑合用
--
-- Create model Blogs
--
CREATE TABLE `blog_blogs` (
    `id` integer AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, 
    `title` longtext NOT NULL, 
    `alias` varchar(256) NOT NULL, 
    `content` longtext NOT NULL, 
    `author` varchar(64) NOT NULL, 
    `istop` smallint NOT NULL, 
    `iscomment` smallint NOT NULL, 
    `sort` smallint UNSIGNED NOT NULL CHECK (`sort` >= 0), 
    `status` smallint NOT NULL, 
    `tag` varchar(256) NOT NULL, 
    `created_at` integer NOT NULL, 
    `updated_at` integer NOT NULL, 
    `deleted_at` integer NOT NULL
);

appNamemodelName

python manage.py migrate

若执行, 则生成一堆表

# mysql> show tables;
# +----------------------------+
# | Tables_in_db_django        |
# +----------------------------+
# | auth_group                 |
# | auth_group_permissions     |
# | auth_permission            |
# | auth_user                  |
# | auth_user_groups           |
# | auth_user_user_permissions |
# | blog_blogs                 |
# | django_admin_log           |
# | django_content_type        |
# | django_migrations          |
# | django_session             |
# +----------------------------+

操作Model

blog/urls.py新增查询

urlpatterns = [
    # ...
    path('save/', views.save, name='save'),
    path('detail/<int:uid>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
]

blog/views.py

import time
# ...
from .models import Blogs
# ...
def save(request):
    blog = Blogs(
        title='博客测试',
        alias='测试',
        content='博客正文',
        tag='测试',
        author='最爱啥都想',
        created_at=int(time.time())
    )
    blog.save()
    return HttpResponse("新增记录完成, pk={}".format(blog.id))

http://127.0.0.1:8000/blog/save/

blog/views.py

import time
# ...
from .models import Blogs
# ...
def detail(request, uid):
    blog = Blogs.objects.get(pk=uid)
    return HttpResponse(json.dumps({
        'id': blog.id,
        'title': blog.title,
        'alias': blog.alias,
        'content': blog.content,
        'author': blog.author,
        'istop': blog.istop,
        'iscomment': blog.iscomment,
        'sort': blog.sort,
        'tag': blog.tag,
        'created_at': blog.created_at,
        'updated_at': blog._format_updated(),
        'deleted_at': blog.deleted_at,
    }, ensure_ascii=False))
# --------------------------分割新-------------------------- #
import time
# ...
from .models import Blogs
# ...
# 调用 templates/blog/detail.html 视图
def detail(request, uid):
    blog = Blogs.objects.get(pk=uid)
    return render(request, 'blog/detail.html', {'detail': {
        'id': blog.id,
        'title': blog.title,
        'alias': blog.alias,
        'content': blog.content,
        'author': blog.author,
        'istop': blog.istop,
        'iscomment': blog.iscomment,
        'sort': blog.sort,
        'tag': blog.tag,
        'created_at': blog.created_at,
        'updated_at': blog._format_updated(),
        'deleted_at': blog.deleted_at,
    }})
# --- #
    <div class="container">
        <table class="table">
            <caption>Blog 编号.{{ detail.id }}</caption>
            <thead>
                <tr>
                    <th>字段</th>
                    <th>数据</th>
                </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
                {% for key, value in detail.items %}
                <tr>
                    <th>{{ key }}</th>
                    <th>{{ value }}</th>
                </tr>
                {% endfor %}
            </tbody>
        </table>
    </div>

数据库中数据

mysql> select * from blog_blogs where id = 1\G
# *************************** 1. row ***************************
#         id: 1
#      title: 博客测试
#      alias: 测试
#    content: 博客正文
#     author: 最爱啥都想
#      istop: 9
#  iscomment: 9
#       sort: 255
#     status: 1
#        tag: 测试
# created_at: 1594047925
# updated_at: 0
# deleted_at: 0
# 1 row in set (0.01 sec)

http://127.0.0.1:8000/blog/detail/1/

• 返回http响应

  
  
  image.png

• 返回detail视图

  
  
  image.png

至此, Django入门教程完结.